The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed on "those who conferred the greatest benefit on humankind" in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace and Economic Sciences,[A][2] instituted by Alfred Nobel's last will, which specified that a part of his fortune be used to create the prizes. Each laureate (recipient) receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money, which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation.[3] The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel; the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; the Swedish Academy awards the Nobel Prize in Literature; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize. They are widely recognised as one of the most prestigious honours awarded in the aforementioned fields.[4]
First instituted in , the Nobel Prize has been awarded to a total of individuals ( men and 59 women) and 30 organisations as of [update].[5] Among the recipients, 12 are Indians of which 5 are Indian citizens and 7 are of Indian ancestry or residency. Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian citizen to be awarded and also first Asian to be awarded in Mother Teresa is the only woman among the list of recipients.[6]Sri Aurobindo, the Indian poet, philosopher, nationalist and developer of Integral yoga, was nominated unsuccessfully for the Nobel Prize in Literature in and for the Nobel Peace Prize in [7][8]
On 1 December , the Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mahatma Gandhi was nominated unsuccessfully for the Peace Prize five times (from to , in and a few days before he was assassinated in January ).[9] In , Geir Lundestad, the Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee, cited it as "the greatest omission in our year history".[10][11][12]
Laureates
Overseas citizens of Indian origin
Other
See also
Notes
^The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences is an additional prize that was established in by the Bank of Sweden and was first awarded in Although not technically a Nobel Prize, it is identified with the award and the winners are announced with the Nobel Prize recipients, and the Prize in Economic Sciences is presented at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.[2]
^Per Indian nationality law, Article 9 of the Indian Constitution says that a person who voluntarily acquires citizenship of any other country is no longer an Indian citizen. Also, according to The Passports Act, a person has to surrender his Indian passport; it is a punishable offence under the act if he fails to surrender the passport. Hence, citizenship exclusively includes jus sanguinis (citizenship by right of blood).[14]
^Born in Skopje, Ottoman Empire
^shared with Malala Yousafzai of Pakistan
^Awarded along with Robert W. Holley and Marshall W. Nirenberg
References
^Kasturi, Charu Sudan (25 August ). "Nobel tribute to Tagore – Stockholm to Calcutta, Sweden lines up centenary events". The Telegraph India. Archived from the original on 5 December Retrieved 4 July
^ ab"Nobel Prizes–Britannica". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 April Retrieved 4 July
^"The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 October Retrieved 4 July
^"A short guide to the Nobel Prize". Swedish Institute. 7 December Archived from the original on 24 January Retrieved 4 July
^Media, Nobel (22 November ). "Nobel Prize facts". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 November Retrieved 22 November
^"From to Indian Nobel Prize winners". The Hindu. 10 October Archived from the original on 21 September Retrieved 14 November
^Rajinder Singh (September ). "Aurobindo Gosh's Nobel nomination". Science and Culture. p.&#; Archived from the original on 8 August Retrieved 7 November
^Media, Nobel (22 November ). "Aurobindo Ghosh Nomination archive". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 22 November
^Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (). The Nobel Prize: The First Years. London: Imperial College Press, London. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
^Tønnesson, Øyvind (1 December ). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 June Retrieved 7 November
^Ghosh, Avijit (17 October ). "We missed Mahatma Gandhi". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 May Retrieved 5 December
^Wolchover, Natalie (10 May ). "No Peace for Gandhi". NBCNews. Archived from the original on 7 December Retrieved 6 December
^George, P J (10 October ). "List of laureates". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 November Retrieved 4 July
^"Indian Citizenship". Archived from the original on 5 June Retrieved 4 July
^"H. Gobind Khorana". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 June Retrieved 4 July
^"Subramanyan Chandrasekhar". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 June Retrieved 4 July
^"Venkatraman Ramakrishnan". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 June Retrieved 4 July
^"Abhijit Banerjee". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 8 June Retrieved 4 July
^"Ronald Ross". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 June Retrieved 4 July
^"Rudyard Kipling". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 June Retrieved 4 July
^"Dalai Lama 14th". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 April Retrieved 4 July
^Aarvik, Egil. "Award ceremony speech". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 January Retrieved 27 January
^"Nobel Prize in Literature ". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 February Retrieved 4 July